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Astatine has no stable isotopes, but is believed to form diatomic molecules. The seven elements that form diatomic compounds are: hydrogen, H2; nitrogen, N2; oxygen, O2; fluorine, F2; chlorine, Cl2; bromine, Br2; and iodine, I2.
The noble gases are sometimes called inert gases because they generally do not react to form compounds. The noble gases are unreactive and do not form ions because of the stability associated with the number of electrons they contain. Many main group elements gain or lose electrons to form ions with the same number of electrons as the closest noble gas.
In general, metals lose electrons to form positively charged ions cations and nonmetals gain electrons to form negatively charged ions anions. For example, sodium atoms have 11 electrons.
For example, the ion I has the same number of electrons 54 as xenon. For example, the ion Se2— has the same number of electrons 36 as krypton.
Metals will lose electrons to have the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas. This means that they will form positively charged ions. Nonmetals gain electrons to have the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas. Therefore, nonmetals form negatively charged ions. Since two electrons are gained, the charge is 2—: O2. Since two electrons are gained, the charge is 2—: S2.
Since one electron is gained, the charge is 1—: Cl. Since one electron is gained, the charge is 1—: Br. Nonmetals gain electrons to have the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas, Therefore, nonmetals form negatively charged ions. Since three electrons are gained, the charge is 3—: N3. Since three electrons are gained, the charge is 3—: P3. Reactivity is a periodic property. Since sodium is in group IA, you might expect other elements in the same group lithium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium to react the same way.
Since chlorine is in group VIIA, you might expect other elements in the same group fluorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine to react the same way. Since there are six white atoms before the reaction takes place and only four after, mass is not conserved. If the ratio is the same for both substances, the law of definite proportions is obeyed.
In the first sample of zinc sulfide we have a ratio of Electrons were discovered first because they have charge and were readily studied in cathode ray tubes. Thomson put cathode rays beams of electrons in magnetic and electric fields to determine the charge and mass-to-charge ratio of the electron. In addition, he showed that electron beams were repelled by negatively charged plates, indicating that electrons have a negative charge.
By passing alpha particles through gold foil, he found that most of the particles went through undisturbed but that a very few bounced almost directly back at the alpha source. This could only have happened if the mass of the gold was concentrated in a very small region of space otherwise more alpha particles would have bounced back. Only nickel Ni has an atomic number of Since its mass number is 60, the isotope must be nickel The mass number is the sum of the numbers of neutrons and protons.
If the mass number was less than the atomic number, the neutron number would have to be negative, which is not possible. The most abundant isotope of hydrogen is hydrogen Since the atomic number is 1 and the mass number is 1, there are no neutrons.
The most abundant isotopes of cobalt have masses greater than the masses of the most abundant isotopes of nickel. As a result, the relative atomic mass of cobalt is greater than that of nickel. The only element this can be is hydrogen. The mass of tritium hydrogen-3 is approximately three times the mass of hydrogen-1 the most common isotope of hydrogen.
When there are many isotopes, some of the isotopes can be present in very low abundance. As a result, their masses cannot be determined as accurately, and their percentage contributions are also less well known. Both factors result in a decrease in the precision of the calculated relative atomic mass. The mass number is Since there is only one isotope, the mass number should be very close to the relative atomic mass.
To calculate the number of iodine atoms, we can convert amu to atoms using the relative mass of iodine Since each carbon atom has less relative atomic mass than an iodine atom, there will be more carbon atoms. Since the balloons contain equal numbers of atoms, the balloon with more massive atoms will be more dense.
Since argon has a much higher relative atomic mass than helium, the argon-filled balloon will be more dense. The relative atomic mass of boron is Since boron exists as either boron or boron, the relative abundance of boron will be much higher. Hydrogen is one of the diatomic molecules, so the formula for hydrogen gas is H2 g.
You would expect a similar reaction with potassium because the potassium is in the same group as sodium. Copper and silver are in different groups so they would not be expected to react in the same way as sodium and potassium. Nitrogen and oxygen are two of the diatomic elements. The formulas are written, N2 g and O2 g , respectively. Carbon is the only nonmetal in group IVA Silicon and germanium are metalloids and the rest are metals. Adding a proton changes the element. So by adding a proton you would form a cation of a different element.
Rather, he arranged the 63 known elements in order of increasing relative atomic mass and grouped elements with similar properties into columns and rows so that the properties varied in a regular pattern. The subatomic particle described in a corresponds to a neutron because it has a zero charge. The subatomic particle in b has a mass that is four orders of magnitude less than a neutron.
This subatomic particle is an electron and carries a charge of 1—. The subatomic particle described in c has a mass very close to the mass of neutron.
The number of protons corresponds to the atomic number on the periodic table. The element with 28 protons is nickel. Fluorine is the designation for an isotope of this element with a mass number of A neutral atom of fluorine would have 9 electrons to balance the 9 protons in the nucleus. The atomic number of silver is The number corresponds to the protons and electrons of a neutral atom of silver.
Each of these contains 26 protons. The ice cube containing hydrogen-2 would have the greater density. The volume of the ice cube would not vary with the identity of the hydrogen isotope.
However, the mass of hydrogen-2 is twice that of hydrogen This would make the ratio of mass to volume the density greater for the ice cube containing hydrogen Iodine is in group VIIA 17 and period 5 of the periodic table.
An element in group VIIA 17 is also known as a halogen. Instead, some of the alpha particles were deflected indicating that the model of the atom needed to include a dense core that corresponds to the nucleus. A relative atomic mass of That the relative atomic mass is just slightly greater than 12 indicates there is very little carbon in natural abundance.
The most likely abundance of carbon from the possibilities listed is less than 0. Potassium and argon have the same mass number, indicating that the sum of protons and neutrons is the same. However, these isotopes differ in the number of protons and neutrons. Each potassium atom contains 19 protons and 21 neutrons.
An atom of argon contains 18 protons and 20 neutrons. Answer: E; a sodium ion has a positive charge because Na is in group IA and will lose one electron to have the same number of electrons as Ne; a proton is the positively charged particle in the nucleus of all atoms.
A sodium atom has no charge, and an electron has a negative charge. With the same number of electrons as Ar 18 , it must have 4 more protons than Ar Note that some of these ions do not exist naturally. Answer: A; the element chlorine exists naturally as a diatomic molecule, Cl2. Answer: A; when neutrons vary for a given element, mass and mass number varies, resulting in isotopes of that element.
Na and Ne differ in number of protons because their atomic numbers differ. Na and Ne differ in atomic number.
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